unaided unaided-外刊赏读|《经济学人》The dawn of artificial intelligence

unaided_unaided怎么读_unaided是什么意思

（考研英语真题同源外刊赏读第 152 篇）

本文选自《经济学人》中一篇名为The dawn of artificial intelligence的文章。文章介绍了人工智能技术未来可能会给人类带来危险，但是没必要担忧过度。作者认为要用理性的态度看待人工智能，清楚人工智能能做到什么，不能做到什么，人工智能已经带来哪些危害，未来发展成熟后又存在哪些风险，人类如何做到未雨绸缪，从而既从人工智能中获益，又能避免灾难发生。本文的话题人工智能属于自然科学，但讨论的是社会科学的问题，切合当下科技发展和社会之间的关系的热点，值得一读。

原文

I①Surveillance and dislocations are not, though, what worries Messrs Hawking, Musk and Gates, or what inspires aphalanxof futuristic AI films that Hollywood has recently unleashed onto cinema screens.②Their concern is altogether more distant and moreapocalyptic: the threat of autonomous machines with superhuman cognitive capacity and interests that conflict with those ofHomo sapiens.

II①Such artificially intelligent beings are still a very long way off; indeed, it may never be possible to create them.②Despite a century of poking and prodding at the brain, psychologists,neurologists, sociologists and philosophers are still a long way from an understanding of how a mind might be made—or what one is.③And the business case for even limited intelligence of the general sort—the sort that has interests and autonomy—is far from clear.④A car that drives itself better than its owner sounds like a boon; a car with its own ideas about where to go, less so.

III①But even if the prospect of what Mr Hawking calls“full”AI is still distant, it is prudent for societies to plan for how to cope.②That is easier than it seems, not least because humans have been creating autonomous entities with superhuman capacities andunalignedinterests for some time.③Government bureaucracies, markets and armies: all can do things which unaided, unorganized humans cannot.④All need autonomy to function, all can take on life of their own and all can do great harm if not set up in a just manner and governed by laws and regulations.

IV①These parallels should comfort the fearful; they also suggest concrete ways for societies to develop AI safely.②Just as armies need civilian oversight, markets are regulated and bureaucracies must be transparent and accountable, so AI systems must be open toscrutiny. ③Because systems designers cannot foresee every set of circumstances, there must also be anoff-switch.④These constraints can be put in place withoutcompromising progress.⑤From the nuclear bomb to traffic rules, mankind has used technical ingenuity and legalstricturesto constrain other powerful innovations.

V①Thespectre of eventually creating an autonomous non-human intelligence is so extraordinary that it risks overshadowing the debate.②Yes, there are perils.③But they should not obscure the huge benefits from the dawn of AI.

词汇短语

1*. surveillance[sə’veɪl(ə)ns]n. 监督；监视

2*. dislocation[,dɪslə(ʊ)’keɪʃ(ə)n]n. 转位；混乱；[医] 脱臼

3*. phalanx[‘fælæŋks] n. 方阵；密集阵

4*. Apocalyptic[ə’pɑkə’lɪptɪk]adj. 启示录的；天启的

5. cognitive [‘kɒɡnɪtɪv]adj. 认知的，认识的

6. Homo sapiens智人（现代人的学名）

7. neurologist[,njʊə’rɒlədʒɪst] n.神经学家

8. unaligned[,ʌnə’laɪnd] adj.不结盟的，不一致的

9. bureaucracy[,bjʊ(ə)’rɒkrəsɪ] n.官僚机构

10. scrutiny[‘skruːtɪnɪ]n.详细审查

11. off-switch关闭

12. compromising[‘kɒmprəmaɪzɪŋ] adj.妥协的

13. ingenuity[,ɪndʒɪ’njuːɪtɪ]n.独创性；精巧

14*.stricture[‘strɪktʃə] n.限制，约束

15*.spectre[‘spektə]n. 幽灵；妖怪；恐惧

16*.peril[‘perɪl]n. 危险；冒险

注：标*的为超纲词

翻译点评

I①Surveillanceanddislocationsare not, though, what worries Messrs Hawking, Musk and Gates, or what inspires aphalanxof futuristic AI films that Hollywood has recently unleashed onto cinema screens.②Their concern is altogether more distant and moreapocalyptic: the threat of autonomous machines with superhuman cognitive capacity and interests that conflict with those ofHomo sapiens.

翻译：霍金、马斯克和盖茨担心的并非监视和错位，好莱坞最近上映的一系列关于未来人工智能的电影也并非由此找到的灵感。他们有更加长远和重大的担忧：具有超出人类认知能力而利益与人类相冲突的自动化机器会给人类带来巨大的威胁。

点评：段I是前文的转折，前文介绍了目前人工智能已经带来的危害，句①指出下面要讨论的是更加深远和严重的危险。句②指出这个危险具体是什么：当人工智能技术可以发明出超出人类认知能力的机器，而它们又与人类利益矛盾的时候，这才是人工智能给人类带来的真正灾难。

II①Such artificially intelligent beings are still a very long way off; indeed, it may never be possible to create them.②Despite a century of poking and prodding at the brain, psychologists,neurologists,sociologists and philosophers are still a long way from an understanding of how a mind might be made—or what one is. ③And the business case for even limited intelligence of the general sort—the sort that has interests and autonomy—is far from clear.④A car that drives itself better than its owner sounds like a boon; a car with its own ideas about where to go, less so.

翻译：这种人工智能距离我们还很遥远。事实上，这种人工智能有可能永远无法创造出来。尽管对大脑的研究已经持续了一个世纪，心理学家、神经学家、社会学家和哲学家还远远无法了解思想是如何产生的，或者说思想是什么。即便对于一般类型的有限的智能，即有兴趣和自主性的智能类型，其运作情况也很不明确。一辆车比它的车主驾驶技术更好，听起来是好事，但是一辆车对去哪儿有自己的想法，那可就不是好事了。

点评：段II是上一段的让步，说明这种灾难虽然可怕，但现在还不太可能发生。句①指出上面说的人工智能机器可能要未来很久才能发明出来，或者永远都发明不出来，所以不需要太恐慌。句②给出原因，虽然科学家们在研究大脑方面做出了不懈努力，但要真正解开大脑的秘密还任重道远。poke and prod都有“刺、戳、拨弄”的意思，这里作“研究”讲。句③指出即便是具备简单兴趣和自主性的智能机器现在都是难题，进一步说明，过度担心是没必要的。句④举了一个有趣的“开车”例子，增强文章的可读性和说服力。

III①But even if the prospect of what Mr Hawking calls“full”AI is still distant, it is prudent for societies to plan for how to cope.②That is easier than it seems, not least because humans have been creating autonomous entities with superhuman capacities andunalignedinterests for some time.③Governmentbureaucracies, markets and armies: all can do things which unaided, unorganized humans cannot.④All need autonomy to function, all can take on life of their own and all can do great harm if not set up in a just manner and governed by laws and regulations.

翻译：即使被霍金称为“全面”人工智能化的前景还很遥远，社会仍然需要谨慎对待，计划好应对方案。这其实不难，人类创造具有超人能力并且利益不一致的自主实体已经有一段时间了。政府机关、市场和军队，都可以做到孤立无组织的个人无法做到的事，都需要独立自主的运作，都可以主宰自己的生活，而如果不是以正当的方式建立并受法律法规管控，都会造成巨大的损失。

点评：段III继续转折，指出虽然危险不是迫在眉睫，但要未雨绸缪。句①作者建议社会要想出应对办法。句②指出提前预防是可行的，因为人类已经有过相关经验。句③举出政府机构、市场和军队的例子，因为这些机构与个人相比都具有更强的能力和不可控性，这是与人工智能的相似之处。句④指出这些机构之所以能良好运转，服务人类和社会，是因为以正当的方式建立（in a just manner），有法律法规约束。

IV①These parallels should comfort the fearful; they also suggest concrete ways for societies to develop AI safely.②Just as armies need civilian oversight, markets are regulated and bureaucracies must be transparent and accountable, so AI systems must be open toscrutiny. ③Because systems designers cannot foresee every set of circumstances, there must also be anoff-switch.④These constraints can be put in place withoutcompromisingprogress.⑤From the nuclear bomb to traffic rules, mankind has used technicalingenuityand legalstricturesto constrain other powerful innovations.

翻译：这些类似产物应该能够宽慰害怕人工智能的人，也为社会安全地发展人工智能指出具体路径。正如军队需要人民监督，市场需要规范，政府部门要透明负责一样，人工智能系统也要接受公开监管。由于系统设计者无法预测所有情况，所以必须还要设立停机开关。这些限制可以在不妨碍人工智能发展的前提下进行。无论是核弹还是交通规则，人类都已经运用过科技创新和法律约束来限制一些强大的发明。

点评：段IV承接上文，提出了控制人工智能的具体措施。句①是本段的主题句，指出既利用这些机构又约束这些机构的概念同样适用于人工智能。句②提出第一个措施，那就是要严密监管人工智能。句③提出第二项措施，要提前设置关闭按钮，以预防想象不到的情况的发生。句④打消顾虑，指出这些限制措施不会干扰人工智能的发展。句⑤以人类经验为例，进一步说明对人工智能施以限制是可以的。

V①Thespectreof eventually creating an autonomous non-human intelligence is so extraordinary that it risks overshadowing the debate.②Yes, there areperils.③But they should not obscure the huge benefits from the dawn of AI.

翻译：人们始终担心最终创造出自主的非人类智能，这种担忧如此强烈，几乎盖过了争论。是的，人工智能具有风险。但是这不应掩盖人工智能技术发展初期带来的巨大利益。

点评：段V总结全文，进一步阐明作者观点：对人工智能没必要过度担心，危险是存在的，但不能否定人工智能带来的益处，也不能就此放弃发展人工智能。句①指出现状，人们对人工智能的恐惧非常强烈。句②让步，承认确实有危险。句③转折，obscure：掩盖，使…模糊不清，是上句“overshadow”的同义词；dawn ：黎明，开端，此处暗示人工智能虽然处于发展初期，但前景是光明的，在呼应文章题目的同时，点明文章主题，彰显作者态度。

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unaided是什么意思_unaided_unaided怎么读