剧透：因为女性扎堆就业于低收入的岗位，深层次原因是为了孩子承担了更多的家庭责任
矛盾的数据，同工同酬和总体收入差距显著
PAYROLL clerks across Britain are busier than usual. By April next year large employers must publish data on the gap in pay between their male and female workers. Many have already complied.英国的负责工资录入的内勤们比以往更加忙碌。明年4月前，大雇主们都必须上报男女收入差距的资料。很多雇主已经开始编撰。
In America, by contrast, President Donald Trump recently halted a similar rule that would have taken effect next year. Such requirements are meant to energise efforts towards equal pay for men and women.与之相反的是，川普刚刚中止了一项本该明年生效的类似法令。通过这些要求，政府有意激发企业为了缩小男女收入差距而努力。
The data suggest that a new approach is needed. In the OECD, a group of rich and middle-income countries, median wages for women working full time are 85% of those for men. Why do women still earn so much less? 数据显示，我们需要新的方法来缩小男女差距。根据经济合作与发展组织（一个富国和中等收入国家组成的组织）的数据，全职女性的收入中位数只有全职男性的85%。
科普：中位数不是平均数，是所有数的按大小顺序的中间数。用来统计工资更客观。比如，马云去了你们公司，工资平均数会爆炸，而中位数基本不变。
女性扎堆就业于低收入岗位和行业
Contrary to popular belief, it is not because employers pay women less than men for doing the same jobs. According to data from 25 countries, gathered, women earn 98% of the wages of men who are in the same roles at the same employers.与公众的认知相反的是，女性挣得少并不因为在相同的岗位为女性支付的工资比男性少。根据对25个国家的工资的调查，同一雇主同一岗位，女性的收入是男性的97%，基本持平。
Women, however, outnumber men in lower-tier jobs, such as secretarial and administrative roles, whereas men predominate in senior positions. 然而，真正的原因是，女人在低阶岗位，如秘书和行政职位，就业率高于男性，而男性则基本主宰了高阶岗位。
And women cluster in occupations and industries that pay lower salaries overall. Primary-school teachers in the OECD, for example, earn nearly 20% less than the average for university graduates. In the European Union nearly 70% of working women are in occupations where at least 60% of employees are female. In America, the four jobs done by the biggest numbers of women—teacher, nurse, secretary and health aide—are all at least 80% female.女人聚集在低收入岗位和低收入行业里。例如，在经济合作与发展组织国家里，幼师的收入比大学毕业生低20%。 在欧盟，大约70%的工作女性就职于60%的同事们是女性的工作。在美国，四种女性通常从事的工作，教师、护士、秘书和护工，员工中女性占比80%。
照料孩子是主因
The main reason why women are less likely than men to reach higher-level positions is that they are their children’s primary carers. 与男性相比，女性更不容易攀到高阶职位的原因是，她们承担了照顾孩子的主要责任。
In eight countries polled by The Economist and YouGov earlier this year, 44-75% of women with children living at home said they had scaled back at work after becoming mothers—by working fewer hours or by switching to a less demanding job, such as one requiring less travel or overtime. 在今年早些时候， Economist and YouGov 在8个国家进行了调查，发现44-75%的已生育女性表示有了孩子后，她们在工作上让步了，有的是工作更短的时间，有的是换到更清闲的工作，比如不需要加班和出差的工作。
Only 13-37% of fathers said they had done so, and more than half of those men said their partner had also scaled back.只有13-37%的父亲表示他们为了照顾孩子做出了同样的牺牲，但是多于半数的父亲表示他们的妻子为了孩子在工作上有所收缩。
This pattern means that men get a better shot at a pay rise or a promotion than their female colleagues, and are less likely to be in jobs for which they are overqualified. 这样的育儿模式意味着男人在升职和加薪方面比女人有更好的机会，他们不太会待在自己过度胜任的岗位上。
A recent study estimated that in America women’s future wages fall, on average, by 4% per child, and by 10% per child in the case of the highest-earning, most skilled white women. 一项最近的研究估计，每一个孩子的诞生都让美国女性的收入降低4%，对于那些高收入高技能的白人女性来说，这个比例是10%。
In Britain, a mother’s wages fall by 2% for each year she is out of the workforce, and by twice as much if she has good school-leaving qualifications. 在英国，女人每离开职场一年，再进入时的收入会降低2%，对于那些取得了高文凭的女性，这个比率是4%。
解决之道：改变政策与观念
Women’s lower salaries mean that they often fall into poverty when they divorce or are widowed. Lack of financial independence prevents some from leaving abusive partners. 女人的较低收入意味着她们在离婚后或者孀居时更容易陷入贫困。无法经济独立让很多女性不敢离开虐待她们的伴侣。
让男性和女性更好的分担为父母的责任的政策和工作场所规范在解决这个问题上会起决定性作用。而父母们，可以给孩子灌输她们可以去从事任何岗位的思想，而不是因为她们是女孩，所以她们要从事某些特定岗位。Policies and workplace norms that make it easier for men to split parental duties equally with their partners can tip the scale. Parents, for their part, need to instil in their children the idea that they can be anything—and not only if they are girls.
只有男孩子们对于从事教师、护士和全职奶爸和女孩子们一样兴奋后，性别平等才可能真的实现。Gender equality will remain elusive until boys are as excited as girls about becoming teachers, nurses and full-time parents.
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