英语中主动形式表示被动含义的常见易错点探究动词是所有英语词类中最重要、最复杂的词汇。一般来说,只要学生掌握了英语中动词的各种用法,那么他们就更容易理解和掌握英语中所有的语法知识。我们知道,谓语动词有时态、语态和语气这三种形式的变化。语态(Voice)是反映主语和谓语动词之间的关系的一种语法现象,主要包括主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,其结构为“be+动词-ed”。语态是每年高考英语的重要考点之一,高考对语态的考查和对时态的考查一样,多趋于情境化,往往没有时间结构和时间信息的提示,考生常常因对暗示的信息不敏感,不能将暗示的信息准确地补充完整而出错。他们往往在考查某些动词的主动形式表示被动意义,以及某些动词的被动形式表示主动意义这两个方面的试题上犯错。因此,只要理解了暗示的信息,考生就能正确解答考查被动语态的常规考法的试题。本文中,笔者试图结合平时的教学实际并运用被动语态的语法知识,以近几年考查被动语态的高考真题为例,对学生有关被动语态的常见易错点进行探究,希望对莘莘学子学习和掌握被动语态有所帮助。

一、不定式在形容词后作状语与主语构成动宾关系时主动表被动的常见易错点

【高考链接】(2021年全国甲卷,阅读理解B篇改编)And oficials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arival, especially as black rhinos are known for being difficult (breed) in captivity (圈养).

【答案与解析】to breed。句意:Lympne港口的官员们因这只新到来的犀牛而感到高兴,尤其是因为黑犀牛以难以圈养繁殖而闻名。本题考查形容词后的动词不定式的

主动形式表被动的意义。

【错因分析】有的学生可能认为black rhinos 与breed之间是逻辑上的被动关系,而误填动词不定式的被动式to be bred。

【方法点拨】英语中动词不定式在部分形容词后作状语并且不定式与主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系,这种情况下要用动词不定式的主动形式来表示被动意义。常用于此结构的形容词有dificult/hard/easy/interesting/pleasant/nice/bitter/light/heavy/comfortable/important/expensive等。

如:(2019年全国I卷,语法填空)Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only sincethe mid-1980s,and are expensive to perform consistently overa large area.直到20世纪80年代中期,人们才开始使用现代方法追踪报道北极熊的数目,但是要在大范围内持续地进行追踪成本很高。(2020年全国1卷,语法填空)They(Bamboos) are easy to care for and make great presents.它们(竹子)很容易种植而且可以制作成很好的礼物。The chair is comfortable to sit on.这把椅子坐起来很舒适。The air on the top of the mountain is hard to breathe.山顶的空气(让人)难以呼吸。The short story is interesting to read.这个短篇小说读起来很有趣。

二、由及物动词转化的不及物动词与副词连用时主动表被动的常见易错点

【高考链接】(2021年新高考1卷,读后续写改编)This time, she turned down the fire so it(the bread) (cook) nicely.

【答案与解析】cooked。句意:这一次她把火关小了,所以面包烤得很好。本题考查部分不及物动词与某些副词连用时,其主动形式表被动的意义。[错因分析]有的学生可能认为bread与cook之间是逻辑上的被动关系,而误填was cooked。

【方法点拨】英语中有一部分不及物动词是由及物动词转化而来的,

如:动词

act/blow/burn/clean/cut/draw/dry/keep/open/readsell/translate/wash/work/cook/write

和副词

well/badlylasilyhicely/smoothly

它们连用时经常用主动结构表示被动含义,说明主语的性质与特征。如:The pen writes smoothly.这支钢笔写起来很流畅。This kind of cloth wears long and washes well.这种布料既耐穿又好洗。The poem doesn't translate well.这首诗歌不好翻译。The wine tastes good and sells well.这种酒品尝起来味道好,很畅销。

三、少数动词后接动名词的主动结构表示被动含义的常见易错点

【高考链接】(2021年1月浙江卷,阅读理解B篇改编)It can be tough to begin and takes a little planning—running shoes by the front door, lunches made the nightbefore, umbrellas on rainy days and hats on hot ones-but it's certainly worth (try).

【答案与解析】trying。句意:开始跑步时可能很困难,需要一点计划一-把跑鞋放在前门、前一天晚上准备好午餐、雨天要撑伞、炎热的时候要戴好帽子一-但是这一切绝对值得一试。本题考查部分动词后接动名词的主动结构表示被动含义。

【错因分析】有的学生可能会受汉语思维“这一切是值得被尝试的”影响而误填being tried。

【方法点拨】英语中在动词want/need/require/deserve/be worth等后面经常用动词-ing的主动形式表示被动意义(有的也可以用动词不定式的被动结构),如果动词-ing为不及物动词,其后面应加上适当的介词。如:The bookis worth reading.这本书值得读。Your hair wants cutting(= to be cut).你该理发了。The baby requires looking after(=to be looked after).这个小孩需要照顾。The question deserves discussing (=to be discussed).这个问题值得讨论。The computer needs updating (= to be updated)这个电脑需要更新了。

四、部分介词短语作表语时主动表被动的常见四、部分介词短语作表语时主动表被动的常见

【经典例题】(《朗文当代高阶英语词典》2004年第三版P1033)The whole issuse is still under____ (investigate).

【答案与解析】investigation。句意:整个事件仍在调查之中。本题考查介词短语的主动形式表示被动意义,Something is under investigation = Something is being investigated.

【错因分析】如果学生不知道“under+名词”的意思是“正在被……,就容易误填investigating或being investigated。

【方法点拨】英语中介词under有个词条为“在……的过程中”,under与一些名词搭配时表示“某物正在.被……中”,其结构为“Something is under+名词=Something is being+动词的过去分词”。如:The questionis under discussion.= The question is being discussed这个问题正在被讨论。The fire is under control.=The fire is being controlled.大火被控制住了。More buildings are under repairs.= More buildings are being repaired.更多的楼房正在被修建。Your application for the post is under consideration.= Your application for the post is being considered.你对这个职位的申请正在被考虑。除了under外,介词in/on与相应的名词连用也可以表达被动的意义。如:The old house is in the possession of the old couple.这间旧房屋归这对老夫妇所有。The proect is in the charge of a French expert.这项工程由一位法国专家负责。Mike was on trial for comttiga crime. Mike因为犯罪正在被审判。

五、一些被动形式的固定短语表示主动意义的用法的常见易错点

【高考链接】(2021年全国乙卷,“七选五”改编)If you're (face) with an awkward silence at a dinner party, the only thing that always gets everyone talking again is to give the host a compliment (赞扬)

【答案与解析】 faced。句意:如果你在晚宴上遇到了尴尬的沉默,唯一能让大家再次开口的方法就是赞美主人。本题考查固定短语be faced with“面临着”的用法。

【错因分析】有的学生容易根据设空处的主语you及系动词are来判断,认为are后面应该接动词的现在分词而误填facing。

【方法点拨】英语中有些固定短语的形式是被动的但是其含义是主动的,如:be equipped with配备,具备;be born in 出生;be caught in遇到;be maredt.与……结婚;be hidden藏在;be engaged in从事;get/be involved in参与;be prepared to准备干什么;be located in位于;be determined to决定……;

be designed/meant/intended to旨在,打算干什么;be faced with面临着;be seated就座;be base do…..为基础;be opposed to反对..; be filld with充满。如(2021年全国乙卷,“七选五”选项D)

Be prepared to have awkward conversations with strangers准备好与陌生人进行尴尬的交谈。(2021年新高考I卷,阅读理解A篇)Hotel and Hostel Des Artistes is located just a 10-minute walk from the central city station and it's close toall of the city's main attractions. Des Artistes酒店和青年旅社距离市中心车站只有步行10分钟的路程,它靠近城市的所有主要景点。(2021年3月天津卷,阅读表达)My childhood was filled with arts, crafts (手工)and music,and every day was an exciting adventure of creation.我的童年充满了艺术、手工艺和音乐,每一天都是令人兴奋的创作冒险。(2021年3月天津卷,单项填空,第2题)We all need to get involved in saving energy whether it's at work,at home, or at school.我们都需要参与节约能源,无论是在工作中、在家里还是在学校。(2021年6月浙江卷,阅读理解C篇)At this point, it is not clear why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial expressions in humans.在这一点上,为什么小狗似乎具有识别人类不同面部表情的能力不是很清楚的。

六、位于系动词后的分词作表语时的常见易错点

【经典例题】 Mary is (convince) that she will be admitted to akey university as long as she studies hard everyday.

【答案与解析】convinced。句意:Mary坚信,只要每天努力学习,她一定会被一所重点大学录取。根据“convince sb.of sth/convinc sb that…(使某人相信某事)”可知,“某人相信某事应该是sb.is convinced of sth/s is convinced that…”,故填convinced。

【错因分析】学生容易认为主语Mary与convince之间是主谓关系而误填 convincing。

【方法点拨】英语动词-ing作表语时表示名词所具有的特征或性质,意思是“(某物)是令人……的”;动词-ed作表语时多表示名词所处的状态,意思是“(某人)感到……的”。如:(2021年新高考I卷,阅读理解B篇)“He's interested in the music, feeling every note, and I have to say,‘Turn, turm!'“Robert is the best page turner I've had inmy entire life.”他对音乐感兴趣,并且能感受到每个音符,但是我必须说翻页,翻页!Robert是我一生中遇到的最好的翻页者。(2021年1月浙江卷,阅读理解C篇)“That's whats so amazing about chimp gestures,” she said.她说“这就是黑猩猩手势的神奇之处。”对于动词-ed和动词-ing这两种分词作表语的用法,学生一般能够正确判断。英语中用动词-ing形式作定语的情况也很常见,如:(2021年新高考Ⅰ卷,阅读理解C篇)When the explorers first setfoot upon the continent of North America, the skies and landswere alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife.当探险者们第一次踏上北美大陆时,天上和陆地上都充满了各种各样的令人吃惊的野生动物。

此外,学生尤其要注意有些动词通常有动词-ing和动词-ed两种形式的形容词可以在句子中作表语,常见的能这样用的动词有excite/disappoint/satisfy/interest/puzzle/astonish等。如:He was astonished to learn that he had won the match.他听说自己赢了比赛,感到很惊奇。It was astonishing to learn he had won the match.令人吃惊的是听说他赢了比赛。They are disappointed at theresult of the competition.他们对比赛的结果感到失望。Itwas disappointing that we lost the match.令人失望的是我们输了比赛。The book is very interesting.这本书非常有趣。1am interested in the book.我对这本书感兴趣。

七、感官动词和使役动词后的不定式作宾语补足语时的常见易错点

【高考链接】(2021年3月天津卷,阅读理解B篇改编)As he was watched (take) off his basketball uniform (原句是AsI watched him take off his basketball uniform) and (replace) it with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizardhad.

【答案与解析】to take; to replace。句意:当我看到他脱下篮球服换上棒球服时,我看到他脱下不再为他服务的那一层衣服,就像我们的蜥蜴那样。本题考查感官动词watch后的动词不定式作宾语补足语时省略to,但是当感官动词使用被动语态时要加上to的用法。

【错因分析】有的学生容易根据“watch somebody dosomething”直接将其变为被动形式“somebody is watcheddo something”,从而误填take, replace。

【方法点拨】英语感官动词和部分使役动词在主动语态中用不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语,但是在被动语态中要加上to,能这样用的动词有5看(look at,see,

watch, notice, observe),3使(make,let, have),2听(listen to, hear),1感觉(feel)。如:We don't have to make Mike learn because he always works hard.

→Mike doesn't have to be made to learnbecause he always workshard.我们不必强迫Mike学习,因为他一直很努力。I saw a robber enter the bank.→A robber was seen to enterthebank.我看见一个小偷进入了银行。I often hear Mary singthis song.→Mary is often heard to sing the song.我经常听到Mary唱这首歌。Terry felt the snake touch his foot.→The snake was felt to touch his foot by Terry. Terry感觉到那条蛇触到了他的脚。

英语的时态、语态和语气是高考英语卷中考查谓语动词时经常涉及的三个重要考点。英语被动语态的基本形式是“be+及物动词的过去分词”,be为助动词,有时态、人称和数的变化。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。学生要想牢固掌握被动语态的基本用法并能正确快速地解答有关被动语态的相关试题,除了掌握被动语态的构成以及几种主要时态的被动语态和含有情态动词的被动语态外,学生还要掌握某些动词的主动形式表示被动意义的用法和某些动词的被动形式表示主动意义的用法,这样学生在高考英语中遇到被动语态的有关试题时才能做到迎刃而解、融会贯通。

(作者单位:湖北省枣阳市第一中学王锋)

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